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Promoting Harmony Through Knowledge and Better Understanding
Articles
Volume 1 - Issue 5 - 1992
List of issues >> List of articles in this issue

About Poland -Polska

by Ewa Jankowiak
Volume 1 - Issue 5 - 1992
First made available online: 12/07/2008

ABOUT POLAND ........... POLSKA Ewa Jankowiak was, for five years, in charge of Graphic Arts Productions Publishing with POLITYKA, the biggest weekly newspaper published in Warsaw, before coming to Canada in 1989. She is currently chief editor for the Polish Canadian Bulletin POMOST in Kitchener-Waterloo. The Polish translation to her article is also her contribution.

Poland is the sixth largest country of Europe, covering an area of 312,683 sq km. Its capital is Warsaw. It is bordered to the east by Ukrainia, Belorussia , Lithuania and Russia, and to the south by Czechoslovakia, and to the west by Germany. The population in 1988 was estimated at 38,000,000. Poland's population is ethnically and linguistically very homogeneous although minority groups include Germans, Ukrainians,, and Belorussians. Polish is the predominant language. Dialects still exist, however, among the Kaszub of the east, and the Pomerania of the north. Approximately 90% of the population is Roman Catholic, the remaining 10% being: lutheran, protestant, eastern (orthodox) church, etc...

Slavic tribes inhabited the Vistula river basin as early as the 2nd millennium B.C. The tribes migrated in many directions from the Vistula basin and eventivally formed differentiated groups referred to as East Slovs and West Slovs.

The year 966 is accepted as the founding date of Poland, when Piast ruler Mieszko I adopted Christianity. The Piast dynasty continued to rule Poland until 1382. During the 1650s the Russian Tsar Alexis Mikhaylovich conquered eastern Poland. Charles Gustaw of Sweden also occupied Polish and Lithuanian lands during the same period.

In 1772 the first of three partitions of Poland occurred and the country's perimeter shrunk as some 28 percent of its territory was seized by Russia, Austria and Prussia. The second partition occurred in 1793 and took place in 1795 as Poland was eradicated from the political geography of Europe and replaced by Austrian, Prussian, and Russian sectors. In 1825 the Kingdom of Poland was established within the Russian Empire. The Polish people unsuccessfully revolted against oppression in 1830, 1846, and 1863.

Following World War I and the Russian Revolution, the Second republic was established in 1921 and a constitution was adopted that established a parliament. But in October of 1939 Poland again lost its freedom when it was invaded by Germany, and Warsaw had capitulated.

In 1945 The Soviet Army strided Poland. The Yalta Conference of February 1945 was the last meeting between the three Allied leaders: Stalin of Russia, Roosevelt of the United States, and Churchill of Britain, where they agreed to sovietize Poland.

In 1956 and 1977 Polish workers went on strike to protest their lack of food, lack of freedom, lack of free election, and the Soviet presence.

In 1981 the "attending" Soviet Gen. Wojciech Jaruzelski imposed martial law in December and Lech Walesa along with other Solidarity leaders were arrested. One year later martial law was suspended. In 1988 Gen. Jaruzelski started to negotiate with Solidarity leaders, and as a result, "Solidarity" was legalized in April 1989.

In August 1989 the first democratic government was created, headed by Tadeusz Mazowiecki,who was a close advisor to Lech Walesa.

Polska jest szostym co do wielkosci krajem w Europie o powierzchni 312 683 km. Liczba mieszkancow tego kraju w 1988 roku liczyla 38.000.000. Stolica panstwa jest Warszawa, liczaca 1 700 000 mieszkancow. Kraj graniczy od wschodu z Bialorusia, Ukraina, Litwa i Rosja. Od zachodu z Niemcami, od poludnia z Czechoslowacja. Od polnocy Polska przylega do Morza Baltyckiego. Polska jest krajem jednolitym etnicznie i jezykowo, aczkolwiek jest kilka grup narodowosciowych. Sa nimi Niemcy, Ukraincy, Bialorusini.

Jezykiem urzedowym jest jezyk polski. Posiada on jak kazdy jezyk gwary i narzecza, ktore jednak z biegiem lat wymieraja. Polacy sa w 90 procentach wyznania Rzymsko- katolickiego.

Plemie Slowian osiedlilo sie nad rzeka Wisla w drugim wieku przed nasza era. Osiedlalo sie i migrowalo w rozne strony wzdluz dorzecza rzeki tworzac Wschodnich i Zachodnich Slowian. Polska jako kraj datuje sie od roku 966 kiedy to Piast Mieszko I przyjal chrzescijanstwo. Dynastia Piastow trwa do roku 1382. W roku 1650 Car Rosji Aleksander podbil wschodnia Polske. Krol Gustaw, wladca Szwecji okupuje Polske i Litwe w tym samym okresie. W 1772 wybucha pierwsze powstanie, ktorego rezultatem jest utrata 28 procent naszych ziem.Sa one podzielone miedzy Rosje, Austrie i Prusy. Drugie powstanie wybucha w roku 1793 wyniku, ktorego kraj traci pozostale ziemie. W 1795 Polska po trzecim powstaniu zostaje wymazana z mapy swiata. W 1815 zostaje utworzone Krolestwo Polskie. Niestety Polacy zmuszeni sa znowu chwycic za bron aby bronic swoich ziem. Kolejne zakonczone porazka powstania datuja sie rokiem 1830, 1846, i 1863.

II Wojna Swiatowa i Rewolucja Rosyjska spowodowaly, ze Polska po prawie 3oo latach niewoli odzyskala wolnosc. w 1921 II Rzeczpospolita miala juz swoja nowa konstytucje i parlament. W 1939 roku Polska w wyniku wybuchu II Wojny Swiatowej pomownie traci swaja niepodleglosc. We wrzesniu zaatakowana przez armie Niemiecka poddaje sie w pazdzierniku. Po czterech latach okupacji i po wkroczeniu Armii Radzieckiej do Polski odzyskuje ona wolnosc. Niestety w wyniku sowietyzacji narod polski znowu znajduje sie pod kontrola obcego moczrstwa. W lutym 1945 roku w Jalcie spotkali sie liderzy krajow alianckich: Stalin, Roosevelt i Churchill, gdzie sowietyzacja naszego kraju zostala przypieczetowana.

W latach 1956, 1979 na terenie calego kraju robotnicy rozpoczynaja strajki, buntujac sie przeciwko braku pozywienia, wolnosci i demokracji. Zadaja wolych wyborow oraz calkowitej niezaleznosci od Zwiazku Radzieckiego. W 1981 roku po powstaniu zwiazku zawodowego "Solidarnosc" pod przewodnictwem Lecha Walesy i zadaniach narodu polskiego general Wojciech Jaruzelski (kierowany przez ZSRR) wprowadza w calym kraju stan wojenny. Trwa on prawie rok. W 1988 Gen. W. Jaruzelski decyduje sie na rozmowy z opozycja. W rezultacie w kwietniu 1989 zostaje zalegalizowana "Solidarnosc". Pierwszy demokratyczny rzad w wyniku wolnych wyborow powstal pod przewodnictwem Tadeusza Mazowieckiego, bliskiego doradcy Lecha Walesy w sierpniu 1989 roku.


This article was originally published in Cross Cultures Magazine in Volume 1 - Issue 5 - 1992. Unauthorized copying, distribution or other usage without express written permission of the publisher is prohibited.



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